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OBJECTIVE：To investigate rationality of existing retail pharmacy layout in Liaoning province ，and to discuss the rationalization of retail pharmacy layout from the perspective of the government. METHODS ：By introducing the concept of coverage radius ，comprehensive use of population ，area，number of retail pharmacies ，average number of people covered by each retail pharmacy ，the difference between the number of pharmacies （calculated according to the coverage radius and area ）and the number of existing pharmacies ，the shortest distance between two retail pharmacies as indicators ，the overall retail pharmacies layout in 14 cities of Liaoning province and the specific layout of retail pharmacies in Shenyang were analyzed to put forward the idea of optimizing the retail pharmacies layout. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The correlation of the number of existing retail pharmacies in Liaoning province with the population and land area to a certain extent showed no obvious law ，with some degree randomness. The average number of people covered by each pharmacy is 1 917-4 157 in each city ；the average number of people covered by retail pharmacies in the remaining 10 cities like Yingkou is lower than the provincial average. The average number of people covered in Chaoyang and other 3 cities is higher ，with great development space. The number of existing retail pharmacies in 8 districts and counties such as Tiexi district do not meet the actual needs of consumers （the number of existing pharmacies is 2- 3 921 less than the number of due pharmacies ），while the number of existing retail pharmacies in 3 districts such as Shenhe district far exceeds the required number （the number of existing pharmacies is 142-248 more than the number of due pharmacies ）. There is a problem of too small spacing between adjacent retail pharmacies （the minimum distance is less than 500 m）. The distribution of retail pharmacies in Liaoning province is unbalanced ，and there is insufficient demand in some areas. When optimizing of retail pharmacies layout ，the government should establish a double objective evaluation system ，which is fair （measured by the maximum distance between the uncovered demand area and the nearest retail pharmacies ）and efficient （measured by the sum of the number of retail drugstores needed for the existing layout and the number of new retail drugstores ）. It is also necessary to analyze and construct a retail pharmacies location model which is suitable for China ’s national conditions ，and consider the actual conditions of the parameters of the actual constraints and objective constraints ，so as to realize the overall optimization of retail drugstores .
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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for strengthening the construction of retail pharmacy pharmacists and ensure safe and rational use of drugs. METHODS： A simple random sampling method was used to determine 18 cities （counties） in Guizhou province as survey sites to visits all retail drugstores one by one. According to the Pharmacist Pharmaceutical Care Competency Evaluation Standard（Trail） issued by the Chinese Pharmacists Association， questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were conducted with licensed pharmacists in Guizhou province’s retail pharmacies， and multiple linear regressions were conducted on the factors affecting the pharmacy’s pharmaceutical care competency. RESULTS： A total of 943 retail pharmacies in Guizhou province were visited， and 270 licensed pharmacists were investigated. The total self-assessment score of pharmaceutical care competence was （79.62±11.23）， with 11.5％ of undergraduate education and above， and 53.0％ of pharmacy related majors. Among self-assessment score of pharmaceutical care competency， score of basic knowledge item such as foreign language knowledge， statistical knowledge and computer knowledge was the lowest， followed by clinical thinking ability and drug treatment evaluation ability. The results of multiple linear regression showed that age had significant influence on the scores of basic skills and professional knowledge. The influence of academic qualifications on personal accomplishment， basic knowledge， basic skills， professional knowledge and professional skills score was statistically significant； the influence of professional and technical positions on total score， personal accomplishment， basic skills and professional skills score was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The overall educational level of licensed pharmacists in Guizhou retail pharmacies is low and their professional level is limited. It is suggested that the supervision of licensed pharmacists should be strengthened and the access conditions of licensed pharmacists should be improved； the education and training of professional competency of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical care should be strengthened， the functional orientation of licensed pharmacists in retail pharmacies should be clarified， and public safety and rational drug use should be effectively guaranteed.
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OBJECTIVE:To discuss the way to develop ADR monitoring in primary retail pharmacy enterprises,and to im-prove ADR monitoring in China. METHODS:The situation of ADR monitoring in 6 retail pharmacy enterprises (212 retail stores and 295 single retail stores) from 18 towns and streets of Cixi city were analyzed as well as its influential factors. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:The employees did not realize the importance of obtaining knowledge about ADR and developing ADR monitor-ing;professional level of medicine practitioners was limited,pharmaceutical technical services were not provided effectively,and it was difficult to collect,register or report ADR information;the management system was defective within the enterprise,and spe-cific measures to ADR monitoring were lacking. It is suggested to strengthen the publicity and education of ADR monitoring,en-hance the ADR monitoring knowledge training to medicine practitioners,lead licensed pharmacists to provide pharmaceutical techni-cal services actively,give full play to the leader role of the pharmaceutical retail chain enterprises to guide monomer drugstores to carry out the ADR monitoring,and improve the legal system and intensify supervision,so as to promote the development of ADR monitoring in primary retail pharmacy enterprises and provide protection for safe drug use.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the survival and development of retail pharmacies. METHODS:By question-naire survey,main influential factors of 500 consumers’choice to retail pharmacies in urban district of Chongqing were analyzed;combined with exploratory factor analysis,main factors and important factors of consumers’choice to retail pharmacies were sum-marized;single factor variance analysis was adopted to study the relationship of important factors and their variables with the per-sonality characteristics of consumers. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Among 500 questionnaires,there retrieved 403 effective ques-tionnaires with effective rate of 80.60%. Among 19 influential factors of consumers’choice to retail pharmacies,professional phar-maceutical care,customer convenience,drugstore reputation and purchase cost had become the main influential factors;pharmaceu-tical care and customer convenience were important factors that affected the choice of retail pharmacies. While,consumers’person-ality characteristics have different influences on consumers’choice to retail pharmacies. So,competitive retail pharmacies should transfer traditional price competition strategy into differentiated service competition,subdivide customers,promote professional pharmaceutical care,focus on the difference of customer convenience service and innovate service form.
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Medicines represent a substantial proportion of the economic costs for treating chronic diseases. In low and middle income countries (LMIC), 50–90% of the population have to pay for medicines themselves. Inappropriate access and availability of essential medicines contribute substantially to out-of-budget expense. A significant population of developing countries (upto 90%) purchase medicines through out-of-pocket payments. This research study was conducted to investigate the comparative availability of selected essential medicines for selected chronic diseases in Bhiwani district. Standardized methodology of World Health Organization and Health Action International was employed. The research study was conducted on retail pharmacy outlets of Bhiwani District i.e. residential areas of Bhiwani city and five administrative areas of Bhiwani district. Overall percent availability of the most of the surveyed medicines used in the treatment of chronic diseases was found to be less than 50%. Dissemination of well documented information on availability medicine consumers in all residential areas may enhance consumer demand for lower price medicine and thus may serve to enhance the availability of demanded medicine (lowest priced) in all the areas of Bhiwani district.
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After the Liberation, the Korean economy was dependent on relief supplies and aid after the ruin of the colonial regime and war. The pharmaceutical business also searched for their share in the delivery of military supplies and the distribution of relief supplies. The supply-side pharmaceutical policy made the pharmaceutical market a wholesale business. The gravity of the situation led to an increased importation of medical supplies, and wholesalers took the lead in establishing the distribution structure, whereas consumers and pharmaceutical business were relatively intimidated. The aid provided by the International Cooperation Administration (ICA) marked a turning point in the Korean pharmaceutical industry after the middle of the 1950s. ICA supplied raw materials and equipment funds, while the pharmaceutical business imported advanced technology and capital. The government invited the local production of medical substances, whereas pharmaceutical businesses replaced imported medical substances with locally produced antibiotics. After the 1960s, the production of antibiotics reached saturation. Pharmaceutical businesses needed new markets to break through the stalemate, so they turned their attention to vitamins and health tonics as general pharmaceuticals, as these were suitable for mass production and mass consumption. The modernized patent medicine market after the Opening of Korea was transformed into the contemporized general pharmaceuticals market equipped with the up-to-date facilities and technology in 1960s. Pharmaceutical businesses had to advertise these new products extensively and reform the distribution structure to achieve high profits. With the introduction of TV broadcasting, these businesses invested in TV advertising and generated sizable sales figures. They also established retail pharmacy and chain stores to reform the distribution structure. The end result was a dramatic expansion of the general pharmaceuticals market. The market for vitamins and health tonics showed particularly explosive growth. As Korean industrial workers worked night and day to increase exports in the 1960s, they needed vitamins and health tonics for recovery from fatigue and to support vitality. The expansion of the general pharmaceuticals market was accompanied by increases in numbers of pharmaceutical companies. Competition intensified between pharmaceutical companies, leading some companies to search for new survival plans. The pharmaceutical industry underwent structural reform in 1960s, replacing imported medical substances with local products and inventing the new market of general pharmaceuticals. The market for vitamins and health tonics was increased, and a successful product could support a pharmaceutical company. On the contrary, a general pharmaceutical could affect the very existence of the company: if a company chased a popular product and the imitation bubble burst, then the company have lost its competitiveness in the world market.
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Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Commerce , Drug and Narcotic Control , Drug Industry , Equipment and Supplies , Fatigue , Financial Management , Gravitation , International Cooperation , Korea , Military Personnel , Pharmacy , VitaminsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between distribution of pharmacies and that of population in Wuhan. METHODS: Pearson correlation test and Spearman's rank correlation test were applied for the statistical analysis of the correlation between distribution of pharmacies and that of population. RESULTS: The distribution of retail pharmacies was in a significant positive correlation with that of population; However, in some areas of Wuhan, the distribution of retail pharmacies was characterized by relative insufficient or oversaturation. CONCLUSIONS: Many factors led to the lack of rationality in the distribution of retail pharmacies in some area in Wuhan. Drug control department should standardize examination and approval standards and the retail pharmacies should have a reasonable overall planning.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the perfecting of Chinese administration system on retail pharmacies.METHODS:The related laws and regulations of the supervising institutions of retail pharmacies in the developed countries like America and Great Britain were collected,compared and analyzed.RESULTS:The supervision systems of retail pharmacies in the developed countries like America and Great Britain have noticeable merits and rationalities.CONCLUSION:The construction of supervising system and the arrangement of its authorities on retail pharmacy in countries like America,Great Britain have some reference value for the supervision of Chinese retail pharmacies in its way towards more rationality and humanity.
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OBJECTIVE:To seek for the countermeasures to standardize the administration of medical consultation service in the retail pharmacy.METHODS:To analyse the existing problems of the consultation service in the retail pharmacy.RESULT_S&CONCLUSION:We suggest that the consultation service should be carried out by speciallyassigned persons,CIS should be introduced,computer network should be manipulated and a standardized administration system should be established.Only in this way can the quality of service be raised and the security of medication of the public be ensured.